Paper: Cannabis Regulations and Crime: A Meta-Analysis

Does regulating cannabis markets reduce crime? We conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis of causal inference studies addressing this question. Applying strict inclusion criteria to an initial pool of 31 studies, we synthesize estimates from nine papers. We propose a formal framework linking cannabis regulations to crime through reductions in illicit market size, criminal rents, and violence associated with illegal contract enforcement, as well as through increased police resource reallocation and public health interventions. Our meta-analytic estimates show that cannabis regulations—especially for medical use—reduce overall crime, with effects concentrated in violent offenses. We also document heterogeneity by publication status, suggesting potential publication bias. These findings imply that reforms to cannabis regulations may reduce violence and weaken organized crime.

• Castillo Cuello, María & Suescún Salazar, Cecilia & Weintraub, Michael & Marín-Llanes, Lucas, 2025. “Cannabis Regulations and Crime: A Meta-Analysis,” Documentos CEDE 21369, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.